fix: restrict reverse cast constraint propagation to safe conversions

[haohuaijin]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #25523.
Related to #25407.

Rationale for this change

A filter on a cast can incorrectly make its input appear constant and remove a required sort. For example, CAST(x AS INT) = 0 matches both -0.5 and 0.5, but casting the singleton result interval back to DOUBLE yields [0.0, 0.0]. The optimizer can then return the wrong order for ORDER BY x DESC.

What changes are included in this PR?

Gate reverse Cast constraint propagation through a common allowlist for all types. Preserve propagation for conversions recognized by check_bigger_cast, integer-to-integer casts, and Float32-to-Float64 casts. For other conversions, keep the existing input range instead of treating a cast back as an inverse.

The conservative allowlist may reduce range refinement and pruning for safe conversions that are not yet recognized. Runtime CAST behavior and forward interval evaluation are unchanged.

What is the testing strategy for this PR?

• Extend existing cast.slt with float-to-integer, integer-to-Float32, timestamp-to-date, and string-to-integer cases. The first three reproduce incorrect sort elimination before the corresponding guards; the string case checks compatibility.
• Add a table-driven test for permitted and rejected reverse propagation paths.
• Check Float32 widening against actual Cast results at NaN, infinity, signed zero, subnormal, and rounding boundaries.
• Passed 24 Cast unit tests (one existing test ignored), 46 filter tests, and four relevant SLT files.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Queries retain required sorting when cast constraints cannot safely determine the input range. No public API changes.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 82.97872% with 16 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 82.38%. Comparing base (b4a8c82) to head (fcbcbd5).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
datafusion/physical-expr/src/expressions/cast.rs	82.97%	3 Missing and 13 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##             main   #25531    +/-   ##
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  Coverage   82.38%   82.38%            
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  Files        1138     1138            
  Lines      434328   434582   +254     
  Branches   434328   434582   +254     
========================================
+ Hits       357824   358040   +216     
- Misses      54872    54882    +10     
- Partials    21632    21660    +28     

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[jayzhan211]

Thanks @haohuaijin , LGTM!

[haohuaijin]

Thanks for your reviews @jayzhan211